What is SQL Programming Language ?

SQL is a programming language that helps to manage databases. SQL stands for a structured query language, and it is pronounced as S‑Q-L or sometimes as See-Quell. SQL (Structured Query Language) is a computer language aimed to store, manipulate, and retrieve data stored in relational databases. The first commercial relational database was released by relational software later becoming oracle.

The SQL language has several parts:

• Data Def­i­n­i­tion Lan­guage (DDL) pro­vides com­mands for defin­ing rela­tion schemas, delet­ing rela­tions, and mod­i­fy­ing rela­tion schemas.
• Inter­ac­tive data-manip­u­la­tion lan­guage (DML). It also includes com­mands to insert tuples into, delete tuples from, and mod­i­fy tuples in the database.
• View def­i­n­i­tion includes com­mands for defin­ing views.
• Trans­ac­tion con­trols include com­mands for spec­i­fy­ing the begin­ning and end of transactions.

The pur­pose of design­ing SQL is To man­age database

Data Definition language

The state­ment is used to define the data­base struc­ture or schema.
The Short form of Data Def­i­n­i­tion lan­guage is DDL
Some Exam­ples:-

• CREATE — to cre­ate a data­base and its objects like (table, index, views, store pro­ce­dure, func­tion, and triggers)
• ALTER — alters the struc­ture of the database
• DROP — delete objects from the database
• RENAME — rename an object.

Data manipulation language

The state­ment is used for man­ag­ing data with­in schema objects.
The Short form of Data Manip­u­la­tion lan­guage is DML
Select retrieve data from the data­base.
Some Exam­ples:-

• INSERT — insert data into a table.
• UPDATE — updates exist­ing data with­in a table.
• DELETE — deletes all records from a table, the space for the record remains.
• CALL — a PL/SQL or Java subprogram.

Data Control language

the state­ment is used to grant and revoke per­sim­mon from those who have access to the data­base
The short form of Data Con­trol lan­guage is DCL.
Some Exam­ples:-

• GRANT — This com­mand grants peo­ple access to the database.
• REVOKE — This com­mand removes the user’s access rights grant­ed by the GRANT command.

Transaction Control Language

State­ments are used to man­age trans­ac­tions in the data­base.
The short form of Trans­ac­tion Con­trol lan­guage is TCL
Some Exam­ples:-

• COMMIT — The COMMIT com­mand is used to store any trans­ac­tion into the data­base permanently.
• ROLLBACK — The roll­back com­mand restores the data­base to the last com­mit­ted state. ROLLBACK is also used with the savepoint.
• cre­ates points with­in the groups of trans­ac­tions in which to ROLLBACK.
• SAVEPOINT — A SAVEPOINT is a point in a trans­ac­tion in which you can roll the trans­ac­tion back to a cer­tain point with­out rolling back the entire transaction.