Preparing for the NIOS Class 10 Social Science (213) exam becomes much easier when you revise only the most important concepts. To help students score well with smart study, we have created Short Exam-Focused Revision Notes in clear and simple English. These notes include key definitions, important facts, summary points, and high-scoring concepts that frequently appear in NIOS exams. Use these notes for quick last-minute revision before your Social Science exam.
Introduction to Social Science
Social Science is the study of human life, society, history, government, economy, and environment. It explains how societies are formed, how they function and change, and what roles citizens play. Its main purpose is to create responsible, aware, and active citizens who contribute to national development.
Points
- Study of humans and society
- Helps understand past, present, and future
- Explains rights, duties, governance, and economy
- Useful in solving social problems
Ancient World
The ancient world marks the beginning of human civilization, mainly around river valleys. Agriculture, writing, trade, and urban settlements emerged in this period. Major early civilizations like Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus Valley, and China developed unique cultures and organized societies.
Points
- River valley civilizations: Egypt, Indus, Mesopotamia, China
- Growth of agriculture, cities, trade, writing
- Social classes, religion, and art evolved
- Formation of early states and governance
Medieval World
The medieval period witnessed feudal systems, strong influence of religion, growth of trade routes, kingdom expansion, and cultural development. Political structures strengthened and society became hierarchical in many regions of the world.
Points
- Rise of feudalism and monarchs
- Religious influence increased
- Expansion of trade and routes
- Development in culture and art
Modern World: Science and Change
The modern world began with Renaissance, scientific discoveries, and industrial change. This era introduced rational thinking, humanism, inventions, and political transformations. These changes led to modern industry, democratic systems, and nation-states.
Points
- Renaissance and growth of humanism
- Scientific inventions and rational thinking
- Industrial Revolution and machine production
- Development of modern democracy
Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution marked the shift from manual production to machine-based industries. It began in England and later spread to other countries. It changed the economy, trade, transport, and living conditions, leading to urban growth and factory systems.
Points
- Machine-based production
- Development of factory system
- Growth of trade and transport
- Rise of working class
Impact of British Rule on India
British rule transformed India’s economy, education, society, and culture. Indian industries declined due to British policies, making India a source of raw materials and a market for British goods. New education and reform movements encouraged social awakening.
Points
- Decline of Indian industries
- Administrative and legal changes
- Spread of modern education and reform
- Development of transport and communication
Religious and Social Awakening in India
During colonial rule, reformers challenged practices like caste discrimination, superstition, and inequality. They promoted education, women’s rights, equality, and religious tolerance. This period strengthened Indian society and prepared it for modern change.
Points
- Opposition to social evils and caste system
- Expansion of education and equality
- Women’s rights and reforms
- Growth of religious tolerance
Indian National Movement
India fought for freedom through mass movements, non-cooperation, civil disobedience, and sacrifices. National leaders united people through peaceful and active participation, finally gaining independence.
Points
- Non-cooperation and Satyagraha
- Civil Disobedience and Quit India Movement
- Rise of national unity
- Continuous struggle for independence
Physical Features of India
India has diverse physical features such as mountains, plains, plateaus, desert, coasts, and islands. The Himalayas protect the north, the fertile plains support agriculture, and the plateau region is rich in minerals.
Points
- Himalayas as natural barrier and water source
- Fertile northern plains
- Mineral-rich peninsular plateau
- Coastal regions and islands
Climate of India
India’s climate is mainly influenced by monsoon. Rainfall varies in different regions affecting agriculture and lifestyle. Monsoon supports farming, vegetation, and water resources.
Points
- Monsoon-based climate
- Variation in rainfall and temperature
- Strong impact on agriculture
- Different crop patterns due to climate
Forests and Biodiversity of India
India has rich biodiversity including forests, wildlife, marine life, and varied ecosystems. Conservation maintains ecological balance and protects natural resources.
Points
- Importance of biodiversity
- Forest conservation measures
- Wildlife protection
- Ecological balance
Agriculture in India
Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy. Its growth depends on soil, rainfall, irrigation, and technology. Major crops are rice, wheat, cotton, jute, tea, and sugarcane.
Points
- Monsoon-dependent agriculture
- Food and cash crops
- Impact of soil and climate
- Foundation of rural economy
Transport and Communication
Transport and communication connect different regions and support development. Roads, railways, waterways, and airways help trade, industry, agriculture, and services.
Points
- Road and railway network
- Water and air transport
- Modern communication services
- Supports economic growth
Population and Human Resources
India’s population is a vital resource when equipped with education and skills. Human resource development strengthens economy and improves living standards. Census provides data for planning.
Points
- Population as human resource
- Importance of education and health
- Census for information
- Link between population and development
Constitution and Democratic Values
The Constitution establishes principles of justice, liberty, equality, and secularism. It guarantees rights and duties to citizens and provides a democratic framework for governance.
Points
- Supreme law of India
- Rights and duties for citizens
- Basis of democracy
- Ensures justice and equality
Fundamental Rights and Duties
Rights provide freedom and protection, whereas duties ensure responsibility towards society and nation. Balanced rights and duties strengthen democracy.
Points
- Rights ensure freedom and security
- Duties guide responsible behavior
- Both are interdependent
- Support democratic functioning
India as a Welfare State
India aims at social justice and welfare through education, health, employment, and equality programs. Government policies focus on helping weaker sections and creating equal opportunities.
Points
- Social justice and equality
- Development programs
- Women and child welfare
- Equal opportunities for all
Local, State, and Central Government
Government works at three levels: local bodies manage community needs, state governments administer states, and central government governs the entire nation. This structure supports democracy and development.
Points
- Local: Panchayats and Municipalities
- State: Governor and Chief Minister
- Central: Parliament and Prime Minister
- Democratic administration
Political Parties and Public Participation
Political parties represent citizens and form governments. Public participation through voting, movements, and awareness strengthens democracy.
Points
- Role of political parties in governance
- Importance of citizen participation
- Voting as democratic responsibility
- Strengthens democratic system
Environmental Problems and Disaster Management
Pollution, deforestation, and climate change threaten the environment. Natural disasters require planning, warning systems, rescue, and rehabilitation. Sustainable development protects environment for future generations.
Points
- Pollution and climate crisis
- Natural disasters and management
- Conservation and protection
- Sustainable development
National Unity and Peace
National unity binds people of diverse cultures, religions, and languages. Secularism, equality, tolerance, and social harmony promote peace and security within the nation.
Points
- Unity in diversity
- Equality and secularism
- Social harmony
- National peace and security
Exam Focus Notes
These Exam Focus Notes for NIOS Class 10 Social Science (213) cover only the most important topics that are frequently asked in the board exams. They include key facts, short definitions, map points, and essential concepts from History, Civics, and Geography. Written in simple language, these notes are perfect for quick revision and high-scoring preparation, especially during last-minute study.
Renaissance – Key Notes
The Renaissance marked the transition from medieval thinking to scientific, rational, and humanistic ideas. It encouraged exploration, experiments, and artistic achievements.
Points
- Known as the period of scientific inquiry.
- Encouraged discovery of new lands.
- People began to free themselves from medieval restrictions.
- Increased developments in astronomy, literature, mathematics, and art.
Industrial Revolution – Main Notes
The Industrial Revolution was a shift from handmade goods to machine-based production. It changed the economy, society, and trade patterns in Europe.
Points
- Took place between 1750–1850.
- Led to the development of the factory system in England.
- Increased search for trade routes to the East.
- Caused high demand for raw materials from colonies like India.
Important Thinkers and Contributions
Certain thinkers shaped modern political and economic ideas through their writings and ideologies.
Points
- Karl Marx wrote Das Capital.
- His ideas influenced socialism and workers’ rights.
- Criticized exploitation of workers under capitalism.
Ancient Civilizations – Key Notes
Major ancient civilizations developed near river valleys. Their systems influenced future societies.
Points
- Egyptian kings were known as Pharaohs.
- Kalibangan is located in Rajasthan.
- Dholavira is located in Gujarat.
British Rule in India – Additional Points
British policies changed India’s economy, agriculture, and industries for their own benefit.
Points
- British forced cultivation of indigo.
- Imported British textiles ruined Indian weavers’ livelihood.
- Railways were built mainly to transport goods for British trade.
Social and Religious Reform Movements
Reformers worked to remove social evils, promote education, and encourage equality.
Points
- Raja Ram Mohan Roy opposed social evils like Sati and caste discrimination.
- Focused on women’s rights and modern education.
- Helped spread ideas of equality and rational thinking.
Indian National Movement – Key Notes
The freedom struggle involved political organizations, mass movements, and public participation.
Points
- Indian National Congress was formed in 1885.
- First elected Congress President was Womesh Chandra Banerjee.
- Movements encouraged unity and demand for self-rule.
India Physical Geography – Additional Facts
India’s physical features include mountains, rivers, plateaus, plains, coastal areas and islands.
Points
- Rivers Mahanadi and Krishna flow eastwards into the Bay of Bengal.
- The highest peak of Western Ghats is Anamudi (based on mapping question).
- Narmada River flows westwards into the Arabian Sea.
Climate and Monsoon – Extra Notes
India’s climate is influenced mainly by monsoon winds, temperature variation, and regional geography.
Points
- The word “Monsoon” comes from the Arabic word meaning season.
- Uneven rainfall causes regional variations in agriculture.
- Monsoon affects the economy, cropping patterns, and vegetation.
Coalition Politics in India
Coalition politics is when more than one political party forms a government because no single party has a majority. It became common after 1989, when regional parties gained importance.
Key Points
- Government formed by many parties working together.
- Requires compromise and agreement between parties.
- Regional parties get more power in decision-making.
- Example: Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s coalition government.
Importance of Elections
Elections allow citizens to choose their leaders and control government power. They keep democracy accountable and transparent.
Key Points
- Provides right to choose government.
- Checks misuse of power by leaders.
- Encourages public participation.
- Makes government responsible and answerable.
Terrorism and Government Pressure
Terrorists use violent actions to force government decisions, create fear, and disturb peace. Such acts harm national security, development, and society.
Key Points
- Creates fear among citizens.
- Damages property and infrastructure.
- Forces government to divert funds to security.
- Weakens peace and stability.
Women Empowerment in India
Empowering women means ensuring equal rights, opportunities, and safety. It improves family welfare, economic growth, and social progress.
Key Points
- Reduces gender inequality.
- Leads to economic development.
- Improves education and health of families.
- Strengthens democracy and social justice.
Obligatory Functions of Gram Panchayat
Gram Panchayat is responsible for providing basic services in rural areas. These duties ensure community welfare and local development.
Key Points
- Cleanliness and sanitation in villages.
- Water supply and street lighting.
- Registration of births and deaths.
- Maintenance of village roads and public property.
Empowerment of Women – Government Measures
Government promotes women’s empowerment through schemes, laws, and education.
Key Points
- Training and financial support for women.
- Legal protection against violence.
- Free and compulsory education for girls.
- Reservation in local government.
Impact of Peasant Movements in 19th Century
Peasant movements protested high taxes, unfair land laws, and exploitation. These movements helped in shaping national consciousness.
Key Points
- Raised farmers’ rights and demands.
- Reduced oppressive landlord control.
- Supported national freedom struggle.
India’s Unique Geographic Location
India lies at the center of Asia, between West Asia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia. Its Indian Ocean location makes it a strategic link in world trade.
Key Points
- Central position in Indian Ocean region.
- Connects Europe, Africa, and Asia.
- Facilitates marine trade routes.
United Nations Organization after World War II
The UNO was established in 1945 to prevent wars, support peace, and promote cooperation among nations.
Key Points
- Formed after World War II.
- Aims to protect human rights.
- Works to maintain peace and security.
- Promotes development and cooperation.
Groundnut Cultivation Conditions
Groundnut requires well-drained soil, moderate temperature, and sufficient rainfall. It is mainly grown in tropical and subtropical climates.
Key Points
- Sandy-loam soil is best.
- Temperature between 20–30°C.
- Rainfall around 500‑1000 mm.
Production of Oilseeds in India – Significance
Oilseeds are cash crops used to produce cooking oil, industrial oil, and livestock feed. They support export earnings and agriculture income.
Key Points
- Provides edible oils and industrial oils.
- Important source of employment.
- Helps in foreign trade.
Forest Rights Act (Recognition of Forest Rights Act)
This act grants rights to forest dwellers and tribes to use, manage, and protect forest resources.
Key Points
- Passed in 2006.
- Gives land ownership rights to forest dwellers.
- Recognizes traditional use of forest resources.
Kaumi Ekta Divas (National Integration Day)
Observed on 19 November, this day promotes unity, peace, and national harmony.
Key Points
- Celebrates national unity.
- Encourages tolerance and secularism.
- Promotes social harmony.
Relationship Between Rights and Duties
Rights allow citizens to enjoy freedom, while duties ensure they use these rights responsibly.
Key Points
- Rights need duties for protection.
- Duties maintain social order.
- Both strengthen democracy.
Western Ghats – Features
Western Ghats run parallel to the Arabian Sea. They influence climate, vegetation, and biodiversity.
Key Points
- Source of peninsular rivers.
- Rich in biodiversity and forests.
- High rainfall region.
Permanent Settlement (1793)
Introduced by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal and Bihar to fix land revenue permanently.
Key Points
- Zamindars became landowners.
- Revenue was fixed permanently.
- Led to peasant exploitation.
Indigo Farmers’ Discontent
British forced farmers to grow indigo instead of food crops, causing poverty and famine.
Key Points
- Forced cultivation system.
- Low payment to farmers.
- Caused debt and protests.
Bhakti Movement – Features
Bhakti saints emphasized devotion, equality, and rejection of caste discrimination.
Key Points
- Opposed casteism and rituals.
- Promoted love and devotion to God.
Jainism – Features
Jainism teaches non-violence, truth, and strict moral discipline.
Key Points
- Believes in non-violence (Ahimsa).
- Teaches self-control and truth.
Buddhism – Features
Buddhism promotes peace, meditation, and simple living to avoid suffering.
Key Points
- Follows Eightfold Path.
- Opposes caste system.
Gupta Age Achievements
Known as the “Golden Age” due to advancements in art, literature, science, and trade.
Key Points
- Progress in astronomy and mathematics.
- Development of Sanskrit literature.
Production of Sugarcane – Conditions
Sugarcane needs hot climate, rich soil, and abundant water.
Key Points
- Temperature: 21–27°C.
- Alluvial soil is suitable.
State Legislature – Functions
State Legislature makes laws, controls the government, and approves budget.
Key Points
- Frames laws for the state.
- Controls state finances.
Revolutionaries’ Role in Independence
Revolutionaries inspired patriotism and challenged British authority through armed struggle and sacrifices.
Key Points
- Created fear among British.
- Motivated youth to fight for freedom.
United Nations – After World War II (repeat confirmation)
Appeared in different papers; already covered fully above.
National Integration – Challenges
India’s unity is affected by regionalism, communalism, terrorism, and inequality.
Key Points
- Religious conflicts.
- Regional and linguistic differences.
Environmental Degradation – Consequences
Deforestation, pollution, and climate change harm ecosystems and human life.
Key Points
- Causes diseases and disasters.
- Reduces biodiversity and resources.
Sustainable Development
Development that meets needs without harming future generations, balancing economy and environment.
Key Points
- Uses natural resources responsibly.
- Protects environment and society.
These short revision notes are designed to save your time and help you focus only on the most important points of the NIOS Class 10 Social Science (213) syllabus. Revise them regularly, practice previous year questions, and you will be fully prepared to score higher marks. For more exam-focused study material, question banks, and updates, keep visiting TillExam.com.